Discrete logarithm Discrete logarithm modulo 5, with base 2. In mathematics, for given real numbers and , the logarithm is a number such that . The discrete logarithm generalizes this …

The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of modular …

Symmetric-key algorithms[a] are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext.

Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making …

Security Lattice-based cryptographic constructions hold a great promise for public-key post-quantum cryptography. [38] Indeed, the main alternative forms of public-key cryptography are …

The RSA algorithm involves four steps: key generation, key distribution, public-key operation (used for encryption or verifying a signature), and private key operation (used for decryption or …

The red card proof One example of a math-free zero knowledge proof is if Peggy wants to prove to Victor that she has drawn a red card from a standard deck of 52 playing cards, without …

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key …